Daffy Duck
Porky's Duck Hunt introduced the character of
Daffy Duck, who possessed a new form of "lunacy" and zaniness that had not been seen before in animated cartoons. Daffy was an almost completely out-of-control "darn fool duck" who frequently bounced around the film frame in double-speed, screaming "Hoo-hoo! hoo-hoo" in a high-pitched, sped-up voice provided by veteran Warners voice artist
Mel Blanc.
[edit] Bugs Bunny
Avery's 1940 film
A Wild Hare is seen as the first cartoon to feature
Bugs Bunny, after a series of shorts featuring a Daffy Duck-like rabbit directed by
Ben Hardaway,
Cal Dalton and Chuck Jones. Avery's rabbit was a super-cool rabbit who was always in control of the situation and who ran rings around his opponents.
A Wild Hare also marks the first pairing of him and bald, meek
Elmer Fudd, a revamp of Avery's
Egghead, a big nosed little fellow who, in turn, was modeled after radio comedian
Joe Penner. It is in
A Wild Hare that Bugs casually walks up to Elmer, who is out "hunting wabbits", and asks him calmly, "What's up, doc?" Audiences reacted positively to the juxtaposition of Bugs' nonchalance and the potentially dangerous situation, and Avery made "What's up, doc?" the rabbit's
catch phrase. Later Warner's named Avery's Rabbit Bugs Bunny after Ben "Bugs" Hardaway who created
an earlier rabbit.
Avery ended up directing only four Bugs Bunny cartoons:
A Wild Hare,
Tortoise Beats Hare,
All This and Rabbit Stew, and
The Heckling Hare. During this period, he also directed a number of one-shot shorts, including
travelogue parodies (
The Isle of Pingo Pongo), fractured
fairy-tales (
The Bear's Tale),
Hollywood caricature films (
Hollywood Steps Out), and cartoons featuring Bugs Bunny clones (
The Crack-Pot Quail).
Avery's tenure at the Schlesinger studio ended in late 1941, when he and the producer quarreled over the ending to
The Heckling Hare. In Avery's original version, Bugs and hunting
dog were to fall off of a cliff
three times, milking the gag to its comic extreme. According to a DVD commentary for the cartoon, historian and animator
Greg Ford explained that the problem Schlesinger had with the ending was that, just prior to falling off the third time, Bugs and the dog were to turn to the screen, with Bugs saying "Hold on to your hats, folks, here we go again!" Schlesinger intervened (supposedly on orders from
Jack Warner himself), and edited the film so that the characters only fall off the cliff twice (the edited cartoon ends abruptly, after Bugs and the Dog fall through a hole in a cliff and immediately stop short of the ground, saying to the audience, "Heh, fooled you, didn't we?"). An enraged Avery promptly quit the studio, leaving three cartoons he started on but did not complete. They were
Crazy Cruise,
The Cagey Canary and
Aloha Hooey. Bob Clampett picked up where Avery left off and completed the three cartoons.
Avery at MGM
By 1942, Avery was in the employ of
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, working in their
cartoon division under the supervision of
Fred Quimby. Avery felt that Schlesinger had stifled him. At MGM, Avery's creativity reached its peak. His cartoons became known for their sheer lunacy, breakneck pace, and a penchant for playing with the medium of animation and film in general that few other directors dared to approach. MGM also offered him larger budgets and a higher quality production level than the Warners studio. Plus, his unit was filled with ex-Disney artists such as
Preston Blair and Ed Love. These changes were evident in Avery's first short released by MGM,
The Blitz Wolf, an
Adolf Hitler parody which was nominated for the
Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) in 1942.
Avery's most famous MGM character debuted in
1943's
Dumb-Hounded.
Droopy (originally "Happy Hound") was a calm, little, slow-moving and slow-talking dog who still won out in the end. He also created a series of risqué cartoons, beginning with 1943's
Red Hot Riding Hood, featuring a sexy female star who never had a set name (but has been unofficially referred to as "Red" by classic cartoon fans. She was also been named "Red" in the 2010's film Tom and Jerry Meets Sherlock homes.) and whose visual design and voice varied somewhat between shorts, but who influenced the minds of young boys — and future animators — worldwide. Other Avery characters at MGM included
Screwy Squirrel and the
Of Mice and Men-inspired duo of
George and Junior.
Other notable MGM cartoons directed by Avery include
Bad Luck Blackie,
Magical Maestro,
Lucky Ducky,
Ventriloquist Cat and
King-Size Canary. Avery began his stint at MGM working with lush colors and realistic backgrounds, but he slowly abandoned this style for a more frenetic, less realistic approach. The newer, more stylized look reflected the influence of the up-and-coming
UPA studio, the need to cut costs as budgets grew higher, and Avery's own desire to leave reality behind and make cartoons that were not tied to the real world of live action. During this period, he made a notable series of films which explored the
technology of the future:
The House of Tomorrow,
The Car of Tomorrow,
The Farm of Tomorrow and
TV of Tomorrow (spoofing common live-action promotional shorts of the time). He also introduced a slow-talking
wolf character, who was the prototype for MGM associates
Hanna-Barbera's
Huckleberry Hound character, right down to the voice by
Daws Butler.
Avery took a year's sabbatical from MGM beginning in 1950 (to recover from overwork), during which time
Dick Lundy, recently arrived from the Walter Lantz studio, took over his unit and made one
Droopy cartoon, as well as a string of shorts with an old character,
Barney Bear. Avery returned to MGM in October 1951 and began working again. Avery's last two original cartoons for MGM were
Deputy Droopy and
Cellbound, completed in 1953 and released in 1955. They were co-directed by Avery unit animator
Michael Lah. Lah began directing a handful of
CinemaScope Droopy shorts on his own. A burnt-out Avery left MGM in 1953 to return to the Walter Lantz studio.
Charles Martin "Chuck" Jones (September 21, 1912 – February 22, 2002) was an American
animator,
cartoon artist,
screenwriter,
producer, and
director of
animated films, most memorably of
Looney Tunes and
Merrie Melodies shorts for the
Warner Bros. Cartoons studio. He directed many of the classic short
animated cartoons starring
Bugs Bunny,
Daffy Duck, the
Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote,
Sylvester,
Pepé Le Pew and the other Warners characters, including
Duck Amuck,
One Froggy Evening and
What's Opera, Doc? (all three of which were later inducted into the
National Film Registry) and Jones' famous "Hunting Trilogy" of
Rabbit Fire,
Rabbit Seasoning, and
Duck! Rabbit! Duck! (1951–1953).
After his career at Warner Bros. ended in 1962, Jones started
Sib Tower 12 Productions and began producing cartoons for
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, including a new series of
Tom and Jerry shorts and the television adaptation of
Dr. Seuss'
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. He later started his own studio,
Chuck Jones Productions, which created several one-shot specials, and periodically worked on
Looney Tunes related works.
After graduating from
Chouinard Art Institute, Jones held a number of low-ranking jobs in the animation industry, including washing cels at the
Ub Iwerks studio and assistant animator at the
Walter Lantz studio. While at Iwerks, he met a cel painter named Dorothy Webster, who would later become his first wife.
Warner Bros.
Chuck Jones joined Leon Schlesinger Productions, the independent studio that produced
Looney Tunes and
Merrie Melodies for
Warner Bros., in 1933 as an assistant animator. In 1935, he was promoted to animator, and assigned to work with new Schlesinger director
Tex Avery. There was no room for the new Avery unit in Schlesinger's small studio, so Avery, Jones, and fellow animators
Bob Clampett,
Virgil Ross, and
Sid Sutherland were moved into a small adjacent building they dubbed "Termite Terrace". When Clampett was promoted to director in 1937, Jones was assigned to his unit; the Clampett unit was briefly assigned to work with Jones' old employer, Ub Iwerks, when Iwerks subcontracted four cartoons to Schlesinger in 1937. Jones became a director (or "supervisor", the original title for an animation director in the studio) himself in 1938 when
Frank Tashlin left the studio. Jones' first cartoon was
The Night Watchman, which featured a cute kitten who would later evolve into
Sniffles the mouse.
Many of Jones' cartoons of the 1930s and early 1940s were lavishly animated, but audiences and fellow Schlesinger staff members found them lacking in genuine humor. Often slow-moving and overbearing with "cuteness", Jones' early cartoons were an attempt to follow in the footsteps of
Walt Disney's shorts (especially with such cartoons as
Tom Thumb in Trouble and the Sniffles cartoons). Jones finally left traditional animation conventions with the cartoon
The Dover Boys in 1942. Jones credits this cartoon as the film where he "learned how to be funny."
The Dover Boys is also one of the first uses of
Stylized animation in American film, breaking away from the more realistic animation styles influenced by the
Disney Studio. This was also the period where Jones created many of his lesser-known characters, including
Charlie Dog,
Hubie and Bertie, and
The Three Bears. Despite their relative obscurity today, the shorts starring these characters represent some of Jones' earliest work that was strictly intended to be
funny.
During the
World War II years, Jones worked closely with Theodor Geisel (also known as
Dr. Seuss) to create the
Private Snafu series of Army educational cartoons. Private Snafu comically educated soldiers on topics like
spies and laziness in a more risque way than general audiences would have been used to at the time. Jones would later collaborate with Seuss on a number of adaptations of Seuss' books to animated form, most importantly
How the Grinch Stole Christmas! in 1966.
Also, during World War II, Jones directed such shorts as
The Weakly Reporter, a 1944 short that related to shortages and rationing on the home front. During the same year, he directed
Hell-Bent for Election, a campaign film for
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Not widely known, he also directed
Angel Puss in this period which contains portrayals of
African-Americans that are now considered offensive; it is no longer available in any type of authorized release and is among the group of controversial cartoons known to animation buffs as the
Censored Eleven.
Jones hit his stride in the late 1940s, and continued to make his best-regarded works through the 1950s. Jones-created characters from this period includes
Claude Cat,
Marc Antony and Pussyfoot, Charlie Dog,
Michigan J. Frog, and his three most popular creations,
Pepe LePew, the Road Runner, and Wile E. Coyote. The Road Runner cartoons, in addition to the cartoons that are considered his masterpieces (all written and conceived by
Michael Maltese),
Duck Amuck,
One Froggy Evening, and
What's Opera, Doc? are today hailed by critics as some of the best cartoons ever made.
The staff of the Jones' Unit A were as important to the success of these cartoons as Jones himself. Key members included writer Maltese, layout artist/background designer/co-director
Maurice Noble, animator and co-director
Abe Levitow, and animators
Ken Harris and
Ben Washam.
In 1950, Jones and Maltese began working on
Rabbit Fire, a short that changed Daffy Duck's personality forever. They decided to make him a totally different character; instead of the wacky,
comic relief character he had been, they turned Daffy into a vain,
egomaniacal prima donna wanting to steal the spotlight from Bugs Bunny. Of his versions of Bugs and Daffy, Chuck Jones has said, "Bugs is who we want to be. Daffy is who we are."
Jones remained at Warner Bros. throughout the 1950s, except for a brief period in 1953 when Warner closed the animation studio. During this interim, Jones found employment at
Walt Disney Pictures, where he teamed with
Ward Kimball for a four month period of uncredited work on
Sleeping Beauty (1959). Upon the reopening of the Warner animation department, Jones was rehired and reunited with most of his unit.
In the early-1960s, Jones and his wife Dorothy wrote the
screenplay for the animated feature
Gay Purr-ee. The finished film would feature the voices of
Judy Garland,
Robert Goulet and
Red Buttons as
cats in
Paris, France. The feature was produced by
UPA, and directed by his former Warner collaborator, Abe Levitow. Jones moonlighted to work on the film, since he had an exclusive contract with Warner Bros. UPA completed the film and made it available for distribution in 1962; it was picked up by Warner Bros. When Warner discovered that Jones had violated his exclusive contract with them, they terminated him.
[1] Jones' former animation unit was laid off after completing the final cartoon in their pipeline,
The Iceman Ducketh, and the rest of the Warner Bros. Cartoons studio was closed in early 1963.
[1] (Jones frequently claimed, including in the aforementioned autobiography, that this happened because Warner finally learned
they weren't making
Mickey Mouse cartoons).
Jones on his own
With business partner
Les Goldman, Jones started an independent animation studio Sib Tower 12 Productions, bringing on most of his unit from Warner Bros., including Maurice Noble and Michael Maltese. In 1963, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contracted with Sib Tower 12 to have Jones and his staff produce new
Tom and Jerry cartoons. In 1964, Sib Tower 12 was absorbed by MGM and was renamed
MGM Animation/Visual Arts. Jones' animated short film
The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics won the 1965
Oscar for Best Animated Short. Jones also directed the classic animated short "
The Bear That Wasn't".
As the
Tom and Jerry series wound down (it would be discontinued in 1967), Jones moved on to television. In 1966, he produced and directed the TV special
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, featuring the voice and facial features of
Boris Karloff. Jones continued to work on TV specials such as
Horton Hears a Who! (1970), but his main focus during this time was producing the feature film
The Phantom Tollbooth, which did lukewarm business when
MGM released it in 1970. Jones co-directed 1969's
The Pogo Special Birthday Special, based on the
Walt Kelly comic strip, and voiced the characters of Porky Pine and Bun Rab.
================================================================
JOHN KRICFALUSI
John Kricfalusi (pronounced
Kris-falusi, born
Michael John Kricfalusi), better known as
John K, is a Canadian
animator. He is creator of
The Ren & Stimpy Show,
The Ripping Friends animated series, and
Weekend Pussy Hunt, which was billed as "the world's first interactive web-based cartoon," as well as the founder of animation studio
Spümcø International.
Kricfalusi's first cartoon was a short called
Ted Bakes One, which he produced with
Bill Wray in 1979 for a cable channel.From the late 1970s to the mid 1980s, Kricfalusi worked for
Filmation and later
Hanna-Barbera on various shows which he once described as "the worst animation of all time."He recalls being "saved" from having to work on these cartoons by director
Ralph Bakshi, who'd worked with him before in 1981 and 1982. They began working on the designs for the film
Bobby's Girl, which was sold to
Tri-Star but later cancelled.Under Bakshi, Kricfalusi directed the animation for
The Rolling Stones’ 1986 music video
Harlem Shuffle. Their most successful project was
Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, based on the classic
Terrytoons character. The series was well-received, and it is considered the forerunner of creator-driven cartoons.Kricfalusi directed eight of the twenty-six episodes and supervised the series.
Mighty Mouse was eventually cancelled after it experienced some controversy for allegedly depicting the main character snorting cocaine. Ralph Bakshi maintained that neither he nor Kricfalusi had the character sniffing cocaine, and that the character was sniffing the crushed petals of a flower, which was handed to him in a previous scene in the cartoon. Kricfalusi left to work on
The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil for
ABC, where he teamed up with many of the people who would later work with him on
The Ren & Stimpy Show. ABC pulled the show after six episodes, finding the humor not suitable for children's programming.
Ren & Stimpy
Kricfalusi formed Spümcø International animation studio with partners
Jim Smith,
Bob Camp and
Lynne Naylor.
They began working on a pilot for
The Ren & Stimpy Show on behalf of
Nickelodeon, after the eponymous characters were favored by Nickelodeon producer Vanessa Coffey in a presentation by Kricfalusi. The pilot was very well-received, leading to the production of the first 13 half-hour episodes of the show
. The show came to garner high ratings for Nickelodeon,
but the network disagreed with Kricfalusi's direction of the show, and disapproved of his missed production deadlines.
Kricfalusi points specifically to the episode "
Man's Best Friend", which features a violent climax where Ren brutally assaults the character
George Liquor with an
oar, as being the turning point in his relationship with Nickelodeon.
One of the episodes, "Nurse Stimpy," did not meet Kricfalusi's approval, leading him to use the alias
Raymond Spum in its credits.
Nickelodeon fired Kricfalusi from production of the series in 1992, leaving it in the hands of Nickelodeon's Games Animation studio, which continued producing it for three more seasons before its cancellation.
Post-Nickelodeon
Music videos, web-cartoons, Hanna-Barbera cartoons, and The Ripping Friends
From 1993 to 1994, Kricfalusi contributed several articles for the magazines
Film Threat and
Wild Cartoon Kingdom under various aliases.
During 1995 and 1996, he directed singer
Björk's animated music video for the song
I Miss You,
and created
Weekend Pussy Hunt for
MSN, which was billed as "the world's first interactive web-based cartoon." Production under MSN stopped before the cartoon was finished, and later resumed under
Icebox.com, after the release of Spümcø's own web-based
Flash cartoon,
The Goddamn George Liquor Program.
] Between 1998 and 2001 he directed and animated several Hanna-Barbera cartoons for Cartoon Network: three
Yogi Bear cartoons,
Boo Boo and the Man,
A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith and
Boo Boo Runs Wild, and two
Jetsons cartoons,
Father & Son Day and
The Best Son.
In 2001,
Tenacious D released a music video for the song
Fuck Her Gently, produced by Kricfalusi.
From 2001 to 2002,
FOX Kids aired the TV series
The Ripping Friends, created by Kricfalusi and Jim Smith. Kricfalusi felt the show's supervisors were doing away with the Spümcø style, and was displeased with the direction of the show.
[31]
Post-Spike
Cartoon commentaries, music videos, George Liquor, and Spümcø and the Art of John K.
Kricfalusi appears in several bonus featurettes and provides audio commentaries for the
Looney Tunes Golden Collection volumes
2,
3, and
5,
for cartoons directed by
Bob Clampett and
Chuck Jones. On February 13, 2006, Kricfalusi started his own
web log,
John K Stuff, posting about cartoons and the animation industry. The site was originally intended for other artists and entertainers, and specifically other cartoonists.
That year, Kricfalusi directed two music videos, and served as art director for an animated musical segment. The first music video, for
Close But No Cigar by
“Weird Al” Yankovic, was released in September, on the DVD side of the
DualDisc album
Straight Outta Lynwood, which features Kricfalusi's character
Cigarettes the cat.
The second music video was for
Classico by Tenacious D, starring the band members as cartoon characters. He animated them again in a
THX logo parody for the band's feature film,
The Pick of Destiny.
Kricfalusi served as art director for a musical segment in the show
Class of 3000 entitled
Life Without Music, which first aired on November 3, 2006.
In 2008, Kricfalusi was developing a series of cartoon commercials for
Pontiac Vibe starring George Liquor and
Jimmy The Idiot Boy.
The series remained unreleased after
General Motors discontinued the Pontiac Vibe auto line in 2009.
Influences
Kricfalusi says he is mostly self-taught, having only spent a year in
Sheridan College, barely attending class. He acquired his skills largely by copying cartoons from newspapers and comic books as a child, and by studying cartoons and their production systems from the 1940s and 1950s.
He says his influences are Bob Clampett, Chuck Jones,
Frank Sinatra and
Kirk Douglas.
[ His
MySpace page mentions
Milt Gross,
Tex Avery,
Al Jolson,
Bing Crosby,
Dean Martin,
Elvis,
Don Martin and
Robert Ryan under "heroes".
Michael Barrier, an animation historian, said that Kricfalusi's works "testify to his intense admiration for Bob Clampett's
Warner Bros. cartoons" and that no cartoonist since Clampett created cartoons in which the emotions of the characters "distort their bodies so powerfully."